Influence of filtration velocity on DON variation in BAF for micropolluted surface water treatment

Biological aerated filters (BAFs) are widely used for the treatment of micropolluted surface water. However, the biological process produces dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), which, as precursors of nitrogenous disinfection by-products, pose potential threats to drinking water safety. Therefore, to control DON in BAF effluent, it is necessary to study the influence of BAF operation parameters on DON production. In this study, the influence of filtration velocity in a BAF on DON production was investigated. Under different filtration velocity (0.5, 2, and 4 m/h) conditions, profiles of DON concentrations along the media layer were measured. The profile at a filtration velocity of 0.5 m/h showed a decreasing trend, and the ones under filtration velocities of 2 and 4 m/h fluctuated in a small range (from 0.1 to 0.4 mg/L). Moreover, the relatively high filtration velocities of 2 and 4 m/h resulted in a lower level of DON concentration. Additionally, 3D excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy was used to characterize DON. It is found that the patterns of DON at a relatively high filtration velocity condition (4 m/h) were obviously different from the ones under low filtration velocity conditions (0.5 and 2 m/h).     

基于污染物排放许可的总量控制制度改革研究

污染物总量控制制度改革是基于排污许可制的环境管理制度体系改革的重点内容之一。文章分析了总量控制制度与排污许可证制度的关联关系,现有的排污行可证制度对总量控制制度融合的要求,从许可排放量确定、分配、实际排放量核算与核定等角度,深刻剖析了总量控制制度与排污许可证制度融合存在的技术和机制两大障碍。最后就污染物总量确定、许可排放量分配、实际排放量核算与责任机制等三方面为构建基于排污许可证的总量控制制度提出了改革思路和建议。     

农药混配制剂环境风险评估现状与展望

本文综述了欧洲和美国农药混配制剂的环境风险评估方法。详细介绍了欧洲食品安全局(EFSA)评估体系中的2种方法,即,基础的"整体测试法"和近年来提倡的"基于组分的方法"。"基于组分的方法"的特点是以浓度加和模型(CA模型)作为默认假设进行初级评估,以独立作用模型(IA模型)等作为高级评估手段的农药混配制剂环境风险评估方法。此外,本文还介绍了模型偏差率(MDR)、毒性相似度及毒力单元(TU)等概念以及混配制剂风险评估流程。本文的目的旨在为建立我国农药混配制剂的环境风险评估方法体系提供参考。     

Future of global governance and climate change action in a changing political landscape

<正>1.Editor's note On 30 November 2016,the Brookings-Tsinghua Center for Public Policy(BTC),Caixin Video,and Columbia Global Centers(Beijing)jointly hosted a Seminar on the Future of Global Governance and Climate Change Action in a Changing Political Landscape.Leading experts on China's environmental policy and climate     

Near-term forecasts of stream temperature using deep learning and data assimilation in support of management decisions

Deep learning (DL) models are increasingly used to make accurate hindcasts of management-relevant variables, but they are less commonly used in forecasting applications. Data assimilation (DA) can be used for forecasts to leverage real-time observations, where the difference between model predictions and observations today is used to adjust the model to make better predictions tomorrow. In this use case, we developed a process-guided DL and DA approach to make 7-day probabilistic forecasts of daily maximum water temperature in the Delaware River Basin in support of water management decisions. Our modeling system produced forecasts of daily maximum water temperature with an average root mean squared error (RMSE) from 1.1 to 1.4°C for 1-day-ahead and 1.4 to 1.9°C for 7-day-ahead forecasts across all sites. The DA algorithm marginally improved forecast performance when compared with forecasts produced using the process-guided DL model alone (0%–14% lower RMSE with the DA algorithm). Across all sites and lead times, 65%–82% of observations were within 90% forecast confidence intervals, which allowed managers to anticipate probability of exceedances of ecologically relevant thresholds and aid in decisions about releasing reservoir water downstream. The flexibility of DL models shows promise for forecasting other important environmental variables and aid in decision-making.     

高温烧结磷石膏钙渣制备轻质碳酸钙

以磷石膏钙渣为原料,通过高温煅烧,然后经消化、精制、碳化,制成轻质碳酸钙产品.研究结果表明:高温煅烧的最佳温度为 1 000 ℃,最佳煅烧时间为 1.0 h;沉淀反应的初始反应温度为 60 ℃,Ca(OH)2乳液质量浓度为 70 g/L,CO2流量为 1.8 L/h.制备的轻质碳酸钙产品各项指标均达到 HG/T2226...     

三峡库区大宁河沉积物营养盐时空分布及其与叶绿素的相关性分析

为研究大宁河底泥营养盐时空分布与藻细胞分布的关系,本研究在大宁河选择4个代表性的取样点:菜子坝、白水河、双龙和大昌,利用垂直重力采泥器,按照2 cm厚度分层选取底泥,检测底泥中总氮,氨氮、硝态氮、亚硝态氮、总磷、无机磷、有机磷和叶绿素的垂向分布,分析叶绿素与营养盐的相关性.结果表明,菜子坝底泥0.0~2.0 cm总氮浓度最高,白水河底泥2.0~4.0 cm的总氮浓度最高;菜子坝底泥2.0~4.0 cm氨氮浓度最高,1和2月白水河底泥4.0~6.0 cm浓度较高;硝酸氮和亚硝酸氮(除3月)在菜子坝底泥2.0~4.0 cm浓度最高;氨氮、硝酸氮和亚硝酸氮浓度在同一个采样点底泥4.0 cm以下分层差异不显著;白水河底泥总磷0.0~6.0 cm呈增加趋势,菜子坝底泥表层的总磷和无机磷的浓度显著高于其它分层,而且每一分层中总磷、无机磷浓度都高于其他3个取样点相应的分层;有机磷在菜子坝和大昌的浓度高于白水河和双龙的浓度,但是同一采样点底泥不同分层的有机磷浓度差异不显著;同一深层底泥中的叶绿素a浓度在大昌最高,其次是白水河,再次菜子坝,双龙处的叶绿素浓度最低;只有1月在大昌取样点处无机磷和叶绿素a的浓度显著正相关,相关系数为0.87,底泥中的营养盐不是影响底泥藻细胞分布的主要影响因素.     

北京地区冬夏季持续性雾-霾发生的环境气象条件对比分析

在北京地区,除冬季供暖期外盛夏也是雾-霾天气的高发季节,与我国南方不同.使用微波辐射仪、风廓线和常规气象探测资料、NCEP再分析资料以及大气成分观测结果,通过对比分析揭示了冬、夏季持续6 d的2个雾-霾过程形成和维持机制的异同.冬季雾-霾过程出现在高空西北气流、低层多短波活动的背景下,其形成和维持的主要机制是边界层内始终有逆温层、地面弱风场、底层湿度逐渐增大.逆温层昼高夜低、湿度昼小夜大是影响PM2.5质量浓度和能见度日变化的重要环境因子.在雾-霾天气持续期间地面弱风场能够维持主要源于冷空气势力弱、常不能影响到地面.此外,入夜后地面迅速辐射降温、边界层上层有暖平流以及空气过山后下沉增温在逆温层的形成中起了关键作用.然而,对于夏季持续性雾-霾天气,气溶胶区域输送、环境大气保持对流性稳定、空气的高饱和度是其发生的重要条件.在副热带高压长时间控制下对流层低层盛行偏南风,北京的PM2.5质量浓度随着偏南风风速增大升高.对流层底层系统性偏南风与北京附近的山谷风共同构成了从北京以南气溶胶累积地向北输送的机制.夏季雾-霾过程低层没有逆温,但是北京上空一直维持超过200 J·kG-1的对流抑制能量,它同样限制了污染物的垂直扩散.夏季自由对流高度也存在昼夜变化,其对PM2.5浓度和能见度的作用与逆温层高度升降相同.因此,冬、夏个例分别代表了2种不同类型的持续性雾-霾过程,导致差异的根本原因在于大气环流型.     

给水塑料管材对水质安全性影响的研究进展

基于塑料管材目前在饮用水输送、节水灌溉及设施农业等方面应用的普遍性及人们对塑料产品安全性问题的日益关注,针对塑料给水管材对水质安全性影响的研究现状进行比较和分析.目前相关研究以静态试验为主.聚氯乙烯(PVC)管材主要影响输送水质中重金属的质量比,不同种类重金属的迁移规律随时间、水质及环境因素的变化存在差异.而聚乙烯(PE)、聚丙烯(PP)等材料由于很少使用重金属添加剂,主要向水中迁移有机物,包括抗氧化剂2,6-二叔丁基对甲酚、烷基噻吩,一些醛类、酮类、萜类、酯类、甲苯及其他芳香族化合物.研究中仍存在环境因素影响考虑较少,重金属种类有限,有机物迁移研究不足,相关研究缺乏系统性等问题.     

人工湿地净化河道水质的研究进展

人工湿地是近年来国内外应用较多、发展较快的一种污水处理技术,本文从国内外人工湿地净化河水的技术应用出发,列举了人工湿地处理河水污染的效果和优势,并对湿地净化河水效率影响较大的湿地植物、填料、气候条件以及湿地构造4个因素进行了比较、分析和总结,最后对人工湿地净化河道水质进行了展望。